Le fond de ce discours, qui se donne pour objectif « une sortie rapide du communautarisme » et « une entrée rapide dans l’irakicité », se présente de la manière suivante : les fractures nationales et les conflits entre les communautés en Irak périront avec l’émergence d’une bourgeoisie irakienne qui adopte la démocratie libérale et s’intègre dans la globalisation du marché. Le déploiement de cette économie de marché supracommunautaire est un mécanisme hautement efficace pour développer les « interdépendances » et les « interactions » entre les « composantes » de la « société irakienne » et faire naître une « nation irakienne » sur le principe d’intérêts communs. Toutefois, force est de constater que la réalité irakienne est très loin de cet idéal d’État imaginé et construit par des acteurs disposant d’intérêts pluriels et souvent antagonistes.


23 avril 2019

En 2021, l’Irak en tant qu’État aura 100 ans ! Et pourtant, comme en 1921, il souffre encore de l’incapacité à intégrer ses Kurdes, ses sunnites, ses chiites, ses chrétiens et ses autres communautés dans une « irakicité inclusive ». Depuis la proclamation de la victoire sur l’organisation de l’État islamique à la fin de l’année 2017, est exposé sur le devant de la scène un discours sur la construction d’un « nationalisme irakien » qui pourrait engager le pays dans la fabrication d’une « nation » irakienne et qui prendrait l’« irakicité » comme son unique « référentiel », la « reconnaissance » des différentes communautés comme son « principe régulateur ». Les producteurs de ce discours se trouvent à la fois à l’échelle nationale (à commencer par le Premier ministre – chiite – Adel Abdel Mahdi et le président de la République – kurde – Barham Salih), régionale (l’Iran et la Turquie, notamment) et internationale (États-Unis, Europe…).

 

Mise en scène de l’exclusivité

À partir de 2003, le bouillonnement communautaire, loin d’être le chant du cygne du communautarisme, dévoile une réalité longtemps cachée par ce discours idéologique et choque tous ceux qui avaient le « rêve irakien ». À ce moment si important dans l’histoire de l’Irak, le monde découvre une profonde fragmentation entre les chiites, les sunnites et les Kurdes qui, non seulement étaient démunis de tout ce qui pouvait faire une société, mais aussi entraient dans des processus de purification tels que la « débaassification » et la « désunification ». Ainsi, la fracture nationale irakienne démontre sa brutalité lourde de conséquences et met à mal les acteurs qui pariaient sur son épuisement à travers un siècle de construction étatique irakienne.

Partant de l’observation du terrain, nous constatons que le communautarisme irakien n’est nullement dans sa phase finale. Au contraire, il se déploie dans les organes les plus petits de la société et devient le principe organisateur des pratiques individuelles et collectives.Cependant, il faut rappeler que les identités exclusives en Irak (chiite, sunnite, kurde) ne sont pas des structures disposant d’une essence figée à travers l’histoire. Elles ne sont pas structurantes pour des institutions impénétrables, mais sont plutôt des entités en cours de construction permanente par des acteurs engagés dans des projets sociopolitiques communautaires. Ainsi, chaque identité communautaire possède son territoire, son système de fonctionnement, ses symboles et sa marge de manœuvre, lesquels tracent ses frontières et lui permettent de mettre en scène sa différentiation, son unicité et donc son exclusivité.

C’est dans ce contexte que le sentiment de faire partie d’un « même ensemble » n’existe que très faiblement. Le 31 mars 2019, Sami al-Askari, un des dirigeants chiites, demande au gouvernement de changer le nom d’une grande avenue de Bagdad, car elle porte le nom de Haroun al-Rachid (765-809), pris pour responsable de l’assassinat de Moussa al-Kazim (745-799), le septième imam chiite. Or, le même Haroun al-Rachid est considéré par les sunnites irakiens comme le symbole de leur fierté (il s’agit quand même du calife des Mille et une Nuits !). Dans cette catégorie de cas, il est pertinent de voir comment les acteurs des deux communautés réinventent et instrumentalisent l’histoire dans leurs rapports de force, et surtout comment et combien les identités rivales sont prises dans l’exclusivité identitaire, et comment et combien cette exclusivité dispose de capacités de mobilisation. En insistant sur les spécificités de l’identité chiite ou sunnite et en les accentuant, les élites communautaires irakiennes mobilisent des moyens considérables pour réinventer leurs communautés afin de donner une pleine légitimité à leurs aspirations monopolistes. De ce fait, la promotion de l’identité chiite, kurde ou sunnite s’inscrit dans un registre de fabrication identitaire. Le discours des acteurs engagés sur le retour à la « pureté » d’une identité kurde, chiite ou sunnite, bien qu’il trouve ses origines aussi bien dans des mythes que dans des réalités concrètes, trouve ses origines dans ce registre.

Sortie « douce »

Dans une situation aussi dramatique, comment les chiites, les sunnites, les Kurdes mais aussi les autres « composantes » de l’Irak peuvent-ils devenir irakiens et s’identifier à un ensemble national, à une identité nationale, à un groupe uni par une vocation partagée ?

Question complexe ! Pour sortir du communautarisme, qualifié comme la première maladie de l’État irakien, et construire une « irakicité inclusive », un idéal pour le moment impossible, la mise en lumière de l’existence des préoccupations communes – notamment à travers le mouvement de contestation à Bassora, à Mossoul et à Sulaymaniyah – ne suffit pas ! La quantification des attitudes communes – telles que la pratique des réseaux sociaux – n’est pas une garantie. Et même l’existence de valeurs semblables – comme l’importance de la religion dans la vie sociale – n’est pas forcément la condition préalable, au contraire : sans un projet politique inclusif élaboré par les acteurs en rapports de force, la présence de ces indicateurs, « loin d’éroder les démarcations identitaires, contribue fréquemment à les renforcer », selon Alain Dieckhoff (La Nation dans tous ses États, Flammarion, 2015).

L’irakicité, comme projet politique d’une nation irakienne à construire, ne peut être que le produit des interactions entre les acteurs chiites, kurdes et sunnites. Or, nous sommes dans une situation de rupture sociale, culturelle, voire territoriale entre ces acteurs qui ne partagent pas un langage commun. Le passage de l’identité communautaire vers l’identité nationale, du communautarisme vers un nationalisme ouvert et inclusif, de l’arabité et de la kurdicité vers l’irakicité nécessite une sortie « douce » de la situation actuelle de « rupture », loin de la brutalité qui a marqué jusqu’ici l’histoire de l’Irak. Ce passage pourrait certes être accompagné par la communauté internationale, mais son moteur doit rester dans les mains des Irakiens et être mis en route avec et par les Irakiens.

Dans un tel processus, la naissance d’une nouvelle forme, d’une nouvelle vision, voire d’une nouvelle envie de devenir irakien, est nécessaire afin de transformer « l’impossible État irakien » en un « État irakien probable » !


Adel Bakawan
Directeur du Centre de sociologie de l’Irak (CSI) à l’Université de Soran,
Membre de l’iReMMO

238 réponses

  1. Hi there! Do you know if they make any plugins to assist with SEO?
    I’m trying to get my website to rank for some targeted keywords
    but I’m not seeing very good results. If you know of any please share.
    Kudos! You can read similar text here: Eco wool

  2. sugar defender ingredients For years, I have actually
    battled unforeseeable blood sugar level swings that
    left me really feeling drained pipes and tired.
    Yet because incorporating Sugar my energy degrees are
    currently stable and regular, and I no more hit a wall in the
    afternoons. I value that it’s a gentle, all-natural approach that doesn’t featured any kind of undesirable side effects.
    It’s truly transformed my day-to-day live.

  3. Hi there! I just would like to offer you a huge thumbs up for your excellent info you’ve got right here on this post. I will be returning to your site for more soon.

  4. After checking out a few of the blog posts on your website, I honestly appreciate your technique of blogging. I saved it to my bookmark site list and will be checking back in the near future. Please visit my website as well and tell me your opinion.

  5. An intriguing discussion is worth comment. There’s no doubt that that you need to write more on this issue, it may not be a taboo subject but usually people don’t talk about these subjects. To the next! Best wishes.

  6. Everything is very open with a precise description of the challenges. It was truly informative. Your website is useful. Thank you for sharing!

  7. I was pretty pleased to discover this great site. I need to to thank you for your time for this wonderful read!! I definitely enjoyed every bit of it and i also have you bookmarked to see new stuff in your website.

  8. Greetings! Very helpful advice in this particular article! It is the little changes that will make the most important changes. Thanks for sharing!

  9. After going over a number of the blog posts on your site, I really like your technique of writing a blog. I saved as a favorite it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back in the near future. Please check out my web site as well and tell me your opinion.

  10. I’m impressed, I have to admit. Seldom do I come across a blog that’s equally educative and amusing, and without a doubt, you have hit the nail on the head. The issue is something which not enough folks are speaking intelligently about. I’m very happy I came across this during my search for something relating to this.

  11. I was pretty pleased to find this web site. I want to to thank you for your time just for this wonderful read!! I definitely liked every little bit of it and I have you book marked to see new stuff in your blog.

  12. An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who has been conducting a little research on this. And he actually bought me breakfast simply because I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending time to discuss this matter here on your website.

  13. You really make it seem so easy with your presentation however I in finding this topic to be actually something which I believe I might by no means understand. It sort of feels too complex and extremely large for me. I am looking forward on your subsequent put up, I’ll try to get the hang of it!

  14. Hi there! This post couldn’t be written much better! Going through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He continually kept preaching about this. I’ll forward this post to him. Pretty sure he’ll have a good read. Many thanks for sharing!

  15. Great – I should definitely say I’m impressed with your blog. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs and related info. It ended up being truly simple to access. Great job…

  16. of course like your website but you need to check the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very bothersome to tell the truth nevertheless I will definitely come back again.

  17. Spot lets start work on this write-up, I seriously think this amazing site needs far more consideration. I’ll apt to be again to learn to read considerably more, thank you that information.

  18. I really like your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you design this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz answer back as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. thank you

  19. Most people have overlooked this foremost concept. When you’re trying to find started with a project this really is the information and facts that is required. Please stick to your writing.

  20. Awesome and really interesting post here. I very much enjoy sites that have to do with losing weight, so this is perfect to me to discover what you have here. Keep up the great work! how to lose weight fast

  21. Your home is valueble for me. Thanks!? This web site is known as a walk-via for all the information you needed about this and didn know who to ask. Glimpse right here, and also you l definitely uncover it.

  22. The next time Someone said a weblog, Lets hope that this doesnt disappoint me up to this place. Get real, Yes, it was my method to read, but I just thought youd have some thing fascinating to mention. All I hear is really a number of whining about something that you could fix in case you werent too busy interested in attention.

  23. Hi there! This article could not be written any better! Looking at this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He continually kept talking about this. I most certainly will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a very good read. Thank you for sharing!

  24. I enjoy you because of all your valuable efforts on this web page. My mum takes pleasure in doing internet research and it is easy to see why. Almost all know all about the compelling means you produce functional ideas through the blog and inspire response from others on the concern while our favorite girl is actually starting to learn a whole lot. Take advantage of the rest of the new year. You have been carrying out a really great job.

  25. I’m certainly stricken by the way you discussed this subject. It isn’t frequently I stumbled upon a website with content like the ones you have. Let me take note of your website feed to keep up to date with your hereafter updates. Yet again, I truely like what you’ve got here.

  26. Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t appear. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyway, just wanted to say fantastic blog!

  27. Nice post. I discover some thing tougher on distinct blogs everyday. It will always be stimulating to read content from other writers and employ something there. I’d would prefer to apply certain with the content on my own weblog whether you don’t mind. Natually I’ll provide a link on your internet weblog. Appreciate your sharing.

  28. An outstanding share! I have just forwarded this onto a coworker who had been doing a little research on this. And he in fact bought me lunch simply because I stumbled upon it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending the time to talk about this matter here on your web page.

  29. They may deliver services such as reception at airports and bus stations, gastronomy tours, theme events, teamwork and collaborative tasks, decoration for events, graphic designing, occasion signage, entertainment events, gifts for workgroups, car audio and video, and help and solutions for housing.

  30. Right here is the right website for anyone who wants to understand this topic. You know a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I really will need to…HaHa). You certainly put a fresh spin on a subject that has been discussed for a long time. Wonderful stuff, just great.

  31. When I originally commented I clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on when a comment is added I recieve four emails with the exact same comment. Will there be any way you are able to get rid of me from that service? Thanks!

  32. An impressive share, I simply with all this onto a colleague who was carrying out a little analysis during this. And then he in reality bought me breakfast since I discovered it for him.. smile. So let me reword that: Thnx for your treat! But yeah Thnkx for spending time go over this, Personally i think strongly regarding it and adore reading more on this topic. Whenever possible, as you grow expertise, does one mind updating your blog site with more details? It can be highly of great help for me. Big thumb up because of this writing!

  33. I needed to thank you for this excellent read!! I definitely enjoyed every bit of it. I have you book-marked to check out new things you post…

  34. I dont think Ive read anything like this before. So good to find somebody with some original thoughts on this subject. thank for starting this up. This website is something that is needed on the web, someone with a little originality. Good job for bringing something new to the internet!

  35. i believe,Oftentimes any time you in some assume that mindset familiar with you, you should make sure he understands a great number of, multiple issues, actually these bankruptcies are not every in mates around you could not convey to

  36. An outstanding share! I have just forwarded this onto a coworker who was conducting a little homework on this. And he in fact bought me lunch due to the fact that I found it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending some time to talk about this topic here on your internet site.

  37. Howdy! I could have sworn I’ve visited this blog before but after going through a few of the articles I realized it’s new to me. Nonetheless, I’m certainly delighted I stumbled upon it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back regularly.

  38. I was extremely pleased to find this page. I want to to thank you for ones time for this particularly wonderful read!! I definitely enjoyed every bit of it and i also have you book-marked to check out new stuff on your web site.

  39. An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a co-worker who was doing a little homework on this. And he actually ordered me lunch simply because I discovered it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!! But yeah, thanx for spending some time to talk about this subject here on your web site.

  40. Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you so much, However I am having issues with your RSS. I don’t know the reason why I cannot subscribe to it. Is there anybody else getting similar RSS problems? Anyone who knows the solution can you kindly respond? Thanx!!

  41. May I simply just say what a relief to uncover somebody that really knows what they’re talking about on the web. You definitely know how to bring an issue to light and make it important. A lot more people need to read this and understand this side of your story. It’s surprising you are not more popular given that you definitely have the gift.

  42. Hi, I do believe this is an excellent web site. I stumbledupon it 😉 I will return once again since I saved as a favorite it. Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to help others.

  43. I’d like to thank you for the efforts you have put in penning this blog. I am hoping to see the same high-grade blog posts from you later on as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own, personal blog now 😉

  44. Having read this I believed it was extremely informative. I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this article together. I once again find myself spending way too much time both reading and leaving comments. But so what, it was still worthwhile!

  45. I have to thank you for the efforts you have put in writing this website. I am hoping to view the same high-grade content from you later on as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my own blog now 😉

  46. Aw, this was an incredibly good post. Spending some time and actual effort to generate a superb article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and don’t seem to get anything done.

  47. The act contains language that particularly targets websites that provide counterfeit medicine or « inherently harmful items or providers. » The act does not designate who determines whether or not or not goods or providers are inherently dangerous.

  48. Spot on with this write-up, I absolutely feel this web site needs a great deal more attention. I’ll probably be returning to read more, thanks for the information!

  49. I blog often and I genuinely thank you for your content. This great article has truly peaked my interest. I’m going to bookmark your site and keep checking for new details about once per week. I subscribed to your Feed as well.

  50. I blog quite often and I really appreciate your information. Your article has really peaked my interest. I will bookmark your website and keep checking for new information about once a week. I opted in for your RSS feed as well.

  51. After going over a few of the articles on your web site, I truly like your way of blogging. I saved it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back in the near future. Please check out my website as well and let me know what you think.

  52. Everything is very open with a really clear description of the issues. It was definitely informative. Your website is extremely helpful. Many thanks for sharing.

  53. After going over a few of the blog articles on your web site, I seriously like your way of writing a blog. I book marked it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back soon. Take a look at my website too and let me know how you feel.

  54. I’m impressed, I have to admit. Genuinely rarely can i encounter a weblog that’s both educative and entertaining, and without a doubt, you could have hit the nail about the head. Your notion is outstanding; the catch is an element that inadequate persons are speaking intelligently about. I’m very happy we stumbled across this in my seek out something concerning this.

  55. I would like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this website. I am hoping to view the same high-grade blog posts from you later on as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has encouraged me to get my very own site now 😉

  56. After looking over a number of the articles on your web page, I honestly like your way of writing a blog. I added it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back soon. Please check out my website too and tell me your opinion.

  57. Those same private banks and also other lenders who do not simply impose a checklist when determining affordability are often prepared to take into account other aspects of your background when deciding how much they are willing to lend as a residential mortgage.

  58. Howdy! This article couldn’t be written much better! Looking through this post reminds me of my previous roommate! He always kept talking about this. I’ll forward this information to him. Fairly certain he’ll have a great read. Many thanks for sharing!

  59. By leveraging smartphones and wearables, psychology and psychiatry researchers can bridge research gaps, enhance examine designs, and gain a extra comprehensive understanding of mental well being.

  60. Oh my goodness! Incredible article dude! Thank you so much, However I am having issues with your RSS. I don’t understand the reason why I can’t join it. Is there anybody else getting identical RSS issues? Anyone who knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanx!!

  61. May I simply just say what a relief to discover someone who actually understands what they’re discussing online. You certainly know how to bring a problem to light and make it important. A lot more people must read this and understand this side of the story. I can’t believe you are not more popular since you most certainly have the gift.

  62. I’d like to thank you for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I’m hoping to see the same high-grade content from you in the future as well. In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own, personal website now 😉

  63. You’ve made some really good points there. I looked on the web for more info about the issue and found most individuals will go along with your views on this web site.

  64. Having read this I believed it was very enlightening. I appreciate you spending some time and effort to put this information together. I once again find myself spending a significant amount of time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worth it!

  65. Many thanks for creating the effort to talk about this, I feel strongly about this and enjoy learning a great deal more on this subject. If feasible, as you gain knowledge, would you mind updating your webpage with a great deal more info? It’s very useful for me.

  66. This is the right webpage for anyone who really wants to understand this topic. You understand a whole lot its almost tough to argue with you (not that I personally will need to…HaHa). You definitely put a new spin on a topic which has been discussed for years. Great stuff, just excellent.

  67. After I initially commented I appear to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on whenever a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the same comment. Is there a means you can remove me from that service? Thanks a lot.

  68. You can certainly see your enthusiasm in the work you write. The world hopes for even more passionate writers like you who are not afraid to say how they believe. Always go after your heart.

  69. When I initially commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now whenever a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same comment. There has to be a way you can remove me from that service? Many thanks.

  70. I must thank you for the efforts you’ve put in penning this blog. I’m hoping to see the same high-grade blog posts by you in the future as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own website now 😉

  71. You are so interesting! I don’t think I’ve read something like that before. So great to discover somebody with some genuine thoughts on this topic. Seriously.. thank you for starting this up. This web site is something that is required on the internet, someone with some originality.

  72. Hi! I just wanted to ask if you ever have any problems with hackers? My last blog (wordpress) was hacked and I ended up losing months of hard work due to no back up. Do you have any solutions to protect against hackers?

  73. Hi! I could have sworn I’ve visited this site before but after going through a few of the articles I realized it’s new to me. Regardless, I’m definitely delighted I discovered it and I’ll be book-marking it and checking back often!

  74. Chhetri began the season in the 2014 Durand Cup, playing and scoring thrice however missed the penalty within the shoot-out within the semi-ultimate against Salgaocar which turned out to be the decisive penalty miss as Bengaluru crashed out.

  75. Do you mind if I quote a couple of your articles as long as I provide credit and sources back to your site? My blog is in the very same niche as yours and my visitors would certainly benefit from a lot of the information you provide here. Please let me know if this alright with you. Thanks a lot!

  76. Hello, I do believe your blog might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your web site in Safari, it looks fine however, when opening in I.E., it’s got some overlapping issues. I merely wanted to give you a quick heads up! Apart from that, excellent site.

  77. May I simply just say what a comfort to find someone who truly understands what they are talking about on the web. You actually understand how to bring an issue to light and make it important. More people should read this and understand this side of the story. I can’t believe you aren’t more popular because you certainly have the gift.

  78. Aw, this was an incredibly nice post. Taking a few minutes and actual effort to generate a good article… but what can I say… I put things off a lot and don’t manage to get nearly anything done.

  79. Hi! I could have sworn I’ve visited this web site before but after browsing through many of the posts I realized it’s new to me. Anyhow, I’m certainly delighted I discovered it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back frequently!

  80. After I initially left a comment I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and from now on each time a comment is added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same comment. Is there a way you are able to remove me from that service? Thanks.

  81. The result’s that when an equipment breaks down, you could also be fully at a loss — you do not know the way it works, you have no idea why it stopped working, and you definitely don’t understand how to repair it.

  82. A fascinating discussion is worth comment. I think that you ought to write more about this subject matter, it may not be a taboo matter but usually people do not talk about such issues. To the next! Cheers.

  83. Spot on with this write-up, I seriously believe that this amazing site needs much more attention. I’ll probably be back again to read through more, thanks for the advice!

  84. An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who had been doing a little homework on this. And he in fact bought me dinner because I found it for him… lol. So allow me to reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending the time to talk about this matter here on your web site.

  85. Hello there! I could have sworn I’ve visited this web site before but after going through some of the articles I realized it’s new to me. Anyhow, I’m certainly happy I found it and I’ll be book-marking it and checking back frequently!

  86. After exploring a handful of the blog posts on your web site, I truly like your way of blogging. I added it to my bookmark webpage list and will be checking back soon. Please check out my web site as well and tell me what you think.

  87. This is the right webpage for anyone who would like to find out about this topic. You know a whole lot its almost hard to argue with you (not that I personally would want to…HaHa). You certainly put a fresh spin on a topic which has been discussed for ages. Wonderful stuff, just excellent.

  88. An interesting discussion is worth comment. I think that you need to publish more about this subject, it may not be a taboo matter but usually folks don’t speak about these issues. To the next! Kind regards.

  89. After checking out a handful of the blog posts on your website, I honestly appreciate your technique of blogging. I saved as a favorite it to my bookmark website list and will be checking back in the near future. Take a look at my website as well and let me know your opinion.

  90. Good day! I just wish to offer you a big thumbs up for the excellent information you have got here on this post. I am coming back to your website for more soon.

Laisser un commentaire

Votre adresse e-mail ne sera pas publiée. Les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec *