Le fond de ce discours, qui se donne pour objectif « une sortie rapide du communautarisme » et « une entrée rapide dans l’irakicité », se présente de la manière suivante : les fractures nationales et les conflits entre les communautés en Irak périront avec l’émergence d’une bourgeoisie irakienne qui adopte la démocratie libérale et s’intègre dans la globalisation du marché. Le déploiement de cette économie de marché supracommunautaire est un mécanisme hautement efficace pour développer les « interdépendances » et les « interactions » entre les « composantes » de la « société irakienne » et faire naître une « nation irakienne » sur le principe d’intérêts communs. Toutefois, force est de constater que la réalité irakienne est très loin de cet idéal d’État imaginé et construit par des acteurs disposant d’intérêts pluriels et souvent antagonistes.
23 avril 2019
En 2021, l’Irak en tant qu’État aura 100 ans ! Et pourtant, comme en 1921, il souffre encore de l’incapacité à intégrer ses Kurdes, ses sunnites, ses chiites, ses chrétiens et ses autres communautés dans une « irakicité inclusive ». Depuis la proclamation de la victoire sur l’organisation de l’État islamique à la fin de l’année 2017, est exposé sur le devant de la scène un discours sur la construction d’un « nationalisme irakien » qui pourrait engager le pays dans la fabrication d’une « nation » irakienne et qui prendrait l’« irakicité » comme son unique « référentiel », la « reconnaissance » des différentes communautés comme son « principe régulateur ». Les producteurs de ce discours se trouvent à la fois à l’échelle nationale (à commencer par le Premier ministre – chiite – Adel Abdel Mahdi et le président de la République – kurde – Barham Salih), régionale (l’Iran et la Turquie, notamment) et internationale (États-Unis, Europe…).
Mise en scène de l’exclusivité
À partir de 2003, le bouillonnement communautaire, loin d’être le chant du cygne du communautarisme, dévoile une réalité longtemps cachée par ce discours idéologique et choque tous ceux qui avaient le « rêve irakien ». À ce moment si important dans l’histoire de l’Irak, le monde découvre une profonde fragmentation entre les chiites, les sunnites et les Kurdes qui, non seulement étaient démunis de tout ce qui pouvait faire une société, mais aussi entraient dans des processus de purification tels que la « débaassification » et la « désunification ». Ainsi, la fracture nationale irakienne démontre sa brutalité lourde de conséquences et met à mal les acteurs qui pariaient sur son épuisement à travers un siècle de construction étatique irakienne.
Partant de l’observation du terrain, nous constatons que le communautarisme irakien n’est nullement dans sa phase finale. Au contraire, il se déploie dans les organes les plus petits de la société et devient le principe organisateur des pratiques individuelles et collectives.Cependant, il faut rappeler que les identités exclusives en Irak (chiite, sunnite, kurde) ne sont pas des structures disposant d’une essence figée à travers l’histoire. Elles ne sont pas structurantes pour des institutions impénétrables, mais sont plutôt des entités en cours de construction permanente par des acteurs engagés dans des projets sociopolitiques communautaires. Ainsi, chaque identité communautaire possède son territoire, son système de fonctionnement, ses symboles et sa marge de manœuvre, lesquels tracent ses frontières et lui permettent de mettre en scène sa différentiation, son unicité et donc son exclusivité.
C’est dans ce contexte que le sentiment de faire partie d’un « même ensemble » n’existe que très faiblement. Le 31 mars 2019, Sami al-Askari, un des dirigeants chiites, demande au gouvernement de changer le nom d’une grande avenue de Bagdad, car elle porte le nom de Haroun al-Rachid (765-809), pris pour responsable de l’assassinat de Moussa al-Kazim (745-799), le septième imam chiite. Or, le même Haroun al-Rachid est considéré par les sunnites irakiens comme le symbole de leur fierté (il s’agit quand même du calife des Mille et une Nuits !). Dans cette catégorie de cas, il est pertinent de voir comment les acteurs des deux communautés réinventent et instrumentalisent l’histoire dans leurs rapports de force, et surtout comment et combien les identités rivales sont prises dans l’exclusivité identitaire, et comment et combien cette exclusivité dispose de capacités de mobilisation. En insistant sur les spécificités de l’identité chiite ou sunnite et en les accentuant, les élites communautaires irakiennes mobilisent des moyens considérables pour réinventer leurs communautés afin de donner une pleine légitimité à leurs aspirations monopolistes. De ce fait, la promotion de l’identité chiite, kurde ou sunnite s’inscrit dans un registre de fabrication identitaire. Le discours des acteurs engagés sur le retour à la « pureté » d’une identité kurde, chiite ou sunnite, bien qu’il trouve ses origines aussi bien dans des mythes que dans des réalités concrètes, trouve ses origines dans ce registre.
Sortie « douce »
Dans une situation aussi dramatique, comment les chiites, les sunnites, les Kurdes mais aussi les autres « composantes » de l’Irak peuvent-ils devenir irakiens et s’identifier à un ensemble national, à une identité nationale, à un groupe uni par une vocation partagée ?
Question complexe ! Pour sortir du communautarisme, qualifié comme la première maladie de l’État irakien, et construire une « irakicité inclusive », un idéal pour le moment impossible, la mise en lumière de l’existence des préoccupations communes – notamment à travers le mouvement de contestation à Bassora, à Mossoul et à Sulaymaniyah – ne suffit pas ! La quantification des attitudes communes – telles que la pratique des réseaux sociaux – n’est pas une garantie. Et même l’existence de valeurs semblables – comme l’importance de la religion dans la vie sociale – n’est pas forcément la condition préalable, au contraire : sans un projet politique inclusif élaboré par les acteurs en rapports de force, la présence de ces indicateurs, « loin d’éroder les démarcations identitaires, contribue fréquemment à les renforcer », selon Alain Dieckhoff (La Nation dans tous ses États, Flammarion, 2015).
L’irakicité, comme projet politique d’une nation irakienne à construire, ne peut être que le produit des interactions entre les acteurs chiites, kurdes et sunnites. Or, nous sommes dans une situation de rupture sociale, culturelle, voire territoriale entre ces acteurs qui ne partagent pas un langage commun. Le passage de l’identité communautaire vers l’identité nationale, du communautarisme vers un nationalisme ouvert et inclusif, de l’arabité et de la kurdicité vers l’irakicité nécessite une sortie « douce » de la situation actuelle de « rupture », loin de la brutalité qui a marqué jusqu’ici l’histoire de l’Irak. Ce passage pourrait certes être accompagné par la communauté internationale, mais son moteur doit rester dans les mains des Irakiens et être mis en route avec et par les Irakiens.
Dans un tel processus, la naissance d’une nouvelle forme, d’une nouvelle vision, voire d’une nouvelle envie de devenir irakien, est nécessaire afin de transformer « l’impossible État irakien » en un « État irakien probable » !
Adel Bakawan
Directeur du Centre de sociologie de l’Irak (CSI) à l’Université de Soran,
Membre de l’iReMMO
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